El covid-19 y sus consecuencias en la vida y el trabajo de médicos residentes de La Paz, Bolivia / Covid-19 and its consequences in the life and the work of medical residents of La Paz, Bolivia

Este artículo es un apretado resumen de los principales resultados de una investigación mayor realizada por MEDICON, cuantitativa y cualitativa, en línea, a médicos residentes de 2º año del Sistema Departamental de Salud La Paz, en Bolivia. Los datos y relatos recogidos tienen que ver con la pandemia, el cumplimiento de las medidas de bioseguridad, la afectación experimentada por la cuarentena, la donación de plasma, el desempeño del personal de salud, entre otros. En el 55% la enfermedad fue confirmada por laboratorio. No hubo hospitalizados y la mayoría se automedicó. No recibieron soporte psicológico, por lo que es factible que algunos hubieran desarrollado el síndrome de burnout. Los que se enfermaron o tuvieron allegados con covid-19 dieron a conocer sus vivencias sobre la manera en que ellos y sus familiares enfrentaron el problema. (AU)

This article is a tight summary of the main results of a major investigation conducted by MEDICON, quantitative and qualitative, online, to second-year resident physicians of the La Paz Departmental Health System, in Bolivia. The data and reports collected have to do with the pandemic, compliance with biosecurity measures, the impact experienced by quarantine, plasma donation, the performance of health personnel, among others. In 55% the disease was confirmed by laboratory. There were no hospitalized and most self-medicated. They did not receive psychological support, so it is possible that some had developed ­ burnout syndrome. Those who became ill or had relatives with covid-19 shared their experiences about the way that they and their relatives faced the problem. (AU)

Participación de residentes de cirugía plástica de Chile en la publicación científica: revisión de los últimos 20 años / Participation of chilean plastic surgery residents in scientific publications: review of the last 20 years

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la participación de los residentes de cirugía plástica de Chile en la publicación científica de los últimos 20 años y evaluar su experiencia durante la residencia. Materiales y Método: Revisión de la literatura desde 1998-2018 bajo los términos: Cirugía Plástica, Plastic Surgery y Chile. Se incluyeron aquellos con al menos un autor cirujano plástico con filiación en Chile. Se registró la participación reportada de residentes y analizaron sus autores según su período de residencia y fecha de publicación, agregándolos como residentes no reportados. Se analizó tema, año de publicación y revista. Se aplicó una encuesta a residentes de cirugía plástica y postbecados recientes para conocer la percepción sobre su participación en actividades científicas. Se comparó la participación entre residentes con y sin año de investigación mediante el test exacto de Fisher. Resultados: Predominó la temática reconstructiva (48,2%), en adultos (68,6%) y en centros universitarios (48,7%). La participación reportada de residentes fue de 8,4%, subiendo a 38,2% al ampliarla a los no explicitados como residentes. Los encuestados expusieron la falta de tiempo como principal impedimento a la publicación y participación en congresos. Discusión: La participación en actividades científicas resulta beneficiosa para residentes, sus tutores y la reputación académica de sus centros. La mayoría de los residentes cree que su participación podría haber sido mayor en caso de que se hubiesen dado más facilidades. Conclusiones: La participación de residentes de cirugía plástica se encuentra subreportada. Programas de investigación, tiempos protegidos y mayor tutorización podrían aumentar esta cifra.

Aim: Evalúate the participation of Chilean plastic surgery residents in scientific publication in the last 20 years and assess their experience during residency. Materials and Method: Literature review from 1998-2018 under the terms: Cirugia Plastica AND Plastic Surgery AND Chile. Publications with at least one plastic surgeon author with filiation reported in Chile were considered. Those with reported participation of residents were registered and their authors were also analyzed according to their period of residence and date of publication, adding them as unreported residents. Subjects, year of publication and journals were analyzed. A survey was applied to plastic surgery residents and recent plastic surgery graduates to evaluate the perception of their participation in scientific activities. Residents participation with and without a previous research fellow was compared using Fisher's exact test. Results: Reconstructive themed studies (48.2%), in adults (68.6%) and in university centers (48.7%) prevailed among the included articles. The reported participation of residents was 8.4%, which rised to 38.2% when it was extended to those not explicitly reported as residents among the authors. Residents exposed the lack of time as the main barrier to publication and congress participations. Discussion: Participation in scientific activities is beneficial for residents, their mentors and the academic reputation of their centers. The majority of residents believe that their participation could have been greater if more facilities had been given. Conclusions: Participation of plastic surgery residents in scientific publications is under reported. The implementation of research programs, protected times and active mentoring could increase this number.

Enfoque de género en las residencias médicas de un hospital universitario / Gender approach in medical residences of a university hospital

Se observa un proceso de feminización de la profesión médica, sin embargo, el acceso masivo de las mujeres se asocia a nuevas desigualdades de género, denominadas segregación horizontal y vertical. La segregación horizontal se manifiesta en la desigual distribución de hombres y mujeres en ciertas especialidades médicas y la segregación vertical, en la escasa representación de las mujeres en la mayoría de los altos cargos profesionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar cómo se distribuyen hombres y mujeres en las distintas instancias del proceso que implica el ingreso al sistema de residencias médicas de un hospital universitario de Buenos Aires, Argentina y analizar la segregación horizontal y vertical de género en el proceso de ingreso a las residencias médicas. A partir de datos de postulantes a un hospital universitario, en el período 2015-2017, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística múltiple para ajustar el odds ratio de ser hombre o mujer con potenciales confundidores. No se observó asociación entre ser hombre o mujer y la realización del examen, su aprobación y el ingreso a entrevista. El odds ratio ajustado para el ingreso a la residencia de los hombres con respecto a las mujeres fue 2.03 (1.44-2.85). Para las residencias quirúrgicas fue 2.75 (1.54-4.92) y para las clínicas fue 1.89 (1.17-3.00). En la inscripción, las mujeres optaron mayormente por residencias clínicas, y los hombres por quirúrgicas. Se observó segregación horizontal y vertical en el proceso de ingreso a la residencia. Visibilizar la segregación de género permitirá generar una sociedad equitativa.

A process of feminization of the medical profession is observed, however, the massive access of women is associated with new gender inequalities named horizontal and vertical segregation. Horizontal segregation manifests itself in the unequal distribution of men and women in certain medical specialties and vertical segregation, in the limited representation of women in most high professional positions. The objective of this study was to determine how men and women are distributed in the different stages of the process that involves entering the medical residency system of an universitary hospital from Buenos Aires, Argentina, and to analyze the horizontal and vertical segregation of gender in the process of admission to medical residencies. Based on data from applicants to an universitary hospital, in the 2015-2017 period, a multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to adjust the odds ratio of being male or female with potential confounders. There was no association between being man or woman and the performance of the exam, its approval and the admission to the interview. The adjusted odds ratio for the admission to the residency of men with respect to women was 2.03 (1.44-2.85). For the surgical residencies it was 2.75 (1.54-4.92) and for clinical it was 1.89 (1.17-3.00). In the inscription, women opted mainly for clinical residencies, and men for surgical purposes. Horizontal and vertical segregation was observed in the process of the residency. Making gender segregation visible will allow generating an equitable society.

Autoavaliação do conhecimento em cuidados paliativos por médicos residentes de um hospital universitário / Self-assessment of knowledge in paliative care by physicians resident of a university hospital / Autoevaluación de conocimientos en atención paliativa por médicos residentes de un hospital universitario

Objective: The study's purpose has been to verify the knowledge self-assessment of resident physicians at Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley (HULW) [University Hospital] regarding Palliative Care (PC). Methods: It is a quantitative, observational, and cross-sectional study that was carried out involving resident physicians at HULW who answered a questionnaire with sociodemographic and Palliative Care-related questions. Results: From a total of 172 physicians, 99 (57.6%) took part in this research, 47.5% were between 28 and 32 years old and 54.5% were female. Most of the participants claimed to have learned about the control of common symptoms in palliative assistance, although 97% needed improving their PC knowledge. Only 16.2% knew about the current PC Basic Law; However, over 80% understood the bioethical aspects of the research. Yet, over 75% of the answers which were compatible with PC knowledge occurred in only 5 out of the 16 questions (31.2%). Conclusion: There is a relative lack of knowledge regarding PC among the interviewed physicians, making further studies on curricular interventions imperative to contribute to the improvement of these professionals

Objetivo: Verificar a autoavaliação do conhecimento de médicos residentes do Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley (HULW) acerca de Cuidados Paliativos (CP). Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional, transversal, quantitativo, envolvendo médicos residentes do HULW, que responderam ao questionário com perguntas sociodemográficas e conhecimentos em CP. Resultados: Dos 172 médicos, 99 (57,6%) participaram da pesquisa, 47,5% entre 28 e 32 anos e 54,5% do sexo feminino. A maioria respondeu que aprendeu sobre o controle dos sintomas comuns na assistência paliativista, embora 97% necessitassem aperfeiçoar seus conhecimentos sobre CP. Apenas 16,2% conheciam a atual Lei de Bases dos CP, porém mais de 80% compreendiam os aspectos bioéticos pesquisados. Contudo, mais de 75% de respostas compatíveis com conhecimento sobre CP ocorreram em apenas 5 das 16 questões (31,2%). Conclusão: Existe relativa escassez de conhecimento acerca dos CP entre os médicos entrevistados, tornando indispensáveis estudos adicionais de intervenções curriculares que possam contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento desses profissionais

Objetivo: verificar la autoevaluación del conocimiento de los médicos residentes en el Hospital Universitario Lauro Wanderley (HULW) sobre Cuidados Paliativos (CP). Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal y cuantitativo con médicos residentes de HULW, que respondieron un cuestionario con preguntas sociodemográficas y conocimiento de los CP. Resultados: De los 172 médicos, 99 (57,6%) participaron en la investigación, 47,5% entre 28 y 32 años y 54,5% mujeres. La mayoría de los residentes respondieron que aprendió a respecto del control de los síntomas comunes en los CP, aunque el 97% respondieron que necesitaban mejorar su conocimiento de CP. Solo el 16,2% respondieron conocer la Ley Básica de CP actual, pero más del 80% conocían los aspectos bioéticos investigados. Sin embargo, los porcentajes superiores al 75% de las respuestas compatibles con el conocimiento de los CP ocurrieron en solo 5 de las 16 preguntas (31,2%). Conclusión: existe una relativa falta de conocimiento en el enfoque de los cuidados paliativos entre los médicos residentes entrevistados y a respecto de la ley actual de CP, haciendo necesidad de estudios adicionales de intervenciones curriculares que pueden contribuir para la mejora de habilidades y competencias de estos profesionales

Consideraciones sobre la necesidad de supervisión a los ingresantes a las residencias médicas / On the need for supervision of the entrants to medical residences

Según la Asociación Americana de Facultades de Medicina existen 13 actividades profesionales confiables que los graduados de medicina deberían poder realizar en su primer día de residencia sin supervisión directa. Esas actividades no están claramente definidas en nuestro país. Además, no existen datos locales sobre la necesidad de su supervisión. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la opinión de residentes y docentes acerca del nivel de supervisión que requieren los médicos ingresantes al sistema de residencias para realizar esas actividades. Se efectuó un estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyeron residentes de primer año de especialidades clínicas y quirúrgicas y sus docentes. Se enviaron encuestas electrónicas o en papel, con participación voluntaria y anónima. Se investigó la estimación sobre el nivel de supervisión que requerían los médicos ingresantes durante el primer mes de formación para 13 actividades. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre la evaluación hecha por residentes (n = 71) y los docentes (n = 39) en 11 de 13 de esas actividades. Más de la mitad de los docentes consideró que los residentes requerían supervisión directa para realizarlas, con las excepciones de formular interrogatorios clínicos y buscar evidencia. La mayoría de los residentes consideró que se requería supervisión directa solo en seis de ellas. En conclusión, los residentes estimaron requerir menor supervisión que sus docentes, quienes pensaban que los ingresantes al sistema de residencia no eran capaces de realizar la mayoría de las competencias clínicas de manera autónoma. Sería importante mejorar esta evaluación en los recién graduados, para definir con mayor precisión los niveles de supervisión.

According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, there are thirteen core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) that medical graduates should be able to perform in their first day of residency, without direct supervision. In Argentina EPAs are not clearly defined. Moreover, there is no local data about the need of supervision regarding these activities. The aim of this study was to assess residents' and teaching physicians' estimations about the level of supervision that physicians in their first month of residency needed in order to perform EPAs. A cross-section study was conducted. First-year medical residents and teaching physicians were included. Electronic or paper surveys were sent, asking the level of supervision the participants estimated that residents needed to perform the 13 core EPAs, during their first month of residency. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. There were significant differences between the opinion of residents (n = 71) and teaching physicians (n = 39), for 11 out of 13 EPAs. More than half of the teaching physicians considered that residents needed direct supervision when performing EPAs, except for asking clinical questions and looking for evidence. Most residents thought that they required direct supervision in 6 EPAs. In conclusion, medical residents perceived the need of lower levels of supervision when compared to teaching physicians, who considered that medical graduates were not capable of performing most EPAs without direct supervision upon entering residency. Thus, it would be important to improve the procedures to evaluate the competences of medical graduates in order to establish more accurate supervision levels.

Seroprevalencia de Bordetella pertussis en el personal de enfermería y médicos residentes del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez / Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis in pediatric healthcare workers at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez

Resumen Introducción Bordetella pertussis es el agente causal de la tosferina, una enfermedad de alta letalidad, especialmente en menores de 6 meses, pero prevenible mediante la vacunación. Los reportes en hospitales de brotes de tosferina muestran que el caso índice suelen ser personas adultas. En adultos, la enfermedad se manifiesta principalmente con tos persistente. El propósito de este estudio fue conocer la seroprevalencia de B. pertussis en el personal de salud de un hospital pediátrico en un país donde aún no se considera la vacunación obligatoria para los empleados. Métodos Participaron personal de enfermería y médicos residentes en trato directo con pacientes hospitalizados. A cada participante se le realizó detección de anticuerpos inmunoglobulina G, antitoxina de pertussis (anti-TP) y se le aplicó un cuestionario para datos clínicos y demográficos. Resultados Se incluyeron 93 individuos, el 85% de personal de enfermería con mediana de edad de 35 años (rango intercuartil: 29-42.5). El 21.5% de los participantes laboraban en el Servicio de Urgencias, el 8.6%, en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica, el 6.5%, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales. Se encontraron títulos detectables de anticuerpos anti-TP en el 18.3%, de los cuales, el 53% presentaron títulos de infección reciente y solamente el 23.5%, historia de tos de más de dos semanas de evolución. Conclusiones El personal de salud está en riesgo de sufrir la enfermedad y de transmitirla a los lactantes, quienes pueden fallecer por esta causa. Este estudio sugiere que las políticas actuales de vacunación en personal de salud se deben de modificar para determinar obligatoriedad de la vacuna, especialmente en quienes atienden a la población pediátrica.

Abstract Background Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of pertussis, a disease that is preventable by vaccination but has a high mortality, particularly in children < 6 months. Reports of pertussis outbreaks in hospitals show that the index case is usually an adult. In adults, the disease manifests mainly with persistent cough. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of B. pertussis in the health personnel of a pediatric hospital in a country where vaccination of this staff is not considered mandatory. Methods Nursing staff and resident doctors who were involved in direct treatment with hospitalized patients participated in the study. Each participant was screened for immunoglobulin G anti-pertussis toxin antibodies (anti-PT), and a questionnaire was applied for clinical and demographic data. Results Ninety-three individuals were included, of which 85% were nurses, median age 35 years (interquartile range: 29-42.5). The participants worked in the emergency department (21.5%), in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (8.6%), and in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (6.5%). Detectable titers of anti-TP antibodies were found in 18.3%, of which 53% presented titles suggestive of recent infection and only 23.5% cough > 2 weeks of duration. Conclusions Health personnel are at risk of suffering from the disease and be potential transmitters to infants, who may die from this cause. This study suggests that the current vaccination policies in health personnel should be modified to determine the compulsory nature of the vaccination, especially in those individuals in charge of the care of the pediatric population.

Attitudes and experiences during training and professional expectations in generation-y surgical residents

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Residency programs, especially in surgery, have been undergoing constant changes. The profile of residents in surgical fields is changing too since residents are now part of the Generation Y (Millenials). This change in profile mandates a re-evaluation to adapt surgical residency programs. Six years ago, we carried out a study evaluating attitudes and experiences during training, and the professional expectations of residents. This study aims to survey surgical residents to evaluate current attitudes, experiences, and expectations. METHODS: We surveyed 50 residents to determine professional satisfaction, residency-program satisfaction, future expectations, financial expectations, and correct attitude towards patients. RESULTS: Our results show that half of the residents are satisfied with the residency program. However, dissatisfaction reaches 40% on surgical volume and 80% on mentorship; 62% of the residents are not confident to perform operations after the residency, the majority believes a specialization is necessary; most residents believe financial compensation will decrease with time, but concerns with reimbursement are low; and most residents are worried about injuring patients, but only two thirds are satisfied working with patients. CONCLUSIONS: Current residents present lower job satisfaction and more criticism of teaching techniques. These changes compared to previous results match the profile of Generation Y, who is more iconoclastic when compared to previous generations.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Os programas de residência, especialmente em cirurgia, estão em constante mudança. O perfil dos residentes nos campos cirúrgicos também vem mudando, dado que atuais residentes fazem parte da Geração Y (Millennials). Essa mudança de perfil demanda uma reavaliação para adaptar os programas de residência. Este estudo tem como objetivo entrevistar os residentes de áreas cirúrgicas para avaliar suas atuais atitudes, experiência e expectativas. MÉTODOS: Entrevistamos 50 residentes para determinar satisfação profissional, expectativas em relação ao futuro, expectativas financeiras e atitude correta em relação aos pacientes. RESULTADOS: A insatisfação com o volume cirúrgico chega a 40% e a 80% com a preceptoria; 62% dos residentes não se sentem confiantes para realizar procedimentos sozinhos após o fim do programa e a maioria acredita que uma especialização cirúrgica é necessária; a maioria dos residentes acredita que os ganhos monetários diminuirão com o tempo. CONCLUSÃO: Os atuais residentes apresentam menor satisfação com o trabalho quando comparados com os antigos, e são mais críticos quanto ao ambiente de ensino. Essas mudanças seguem as premissas da Geração Y, cujos participantes são mais iconoclastas quando comparados a gerações passadas.

Leadership potential of physicians in a public teaching hospital in the city of São Paulo / Potencial de liderança em médicos de um hospital público de ensino na cidade de São Paulo

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the leadership potential of physicians in a public hospital in the city of São Paulo. Methods A descriptive pilot study, in which 40 assistant physicians and medical residents were randomly selected to receive an electronic invitation of the company Caliper Estratégias Humanas do Brasil . To those who accepted it, a link was sent to fill out a personality evaluation focused on the work, comprising 112 alternatives related to 21 domains of 4 performance areas. According to the Caliper Profile Questionnaire, the ipsative measures expressed as a percentage are distributed on a Likert scale, and three categories are established based on behavioral tendencies at work: need for improvement, moderate and high potential. Results A total of 47.5% of physicians invited accepeted taking part in the study. Regarding to leadership, the need for improvement was over 30% among the evaluated physicians. In the interpersonal relationship analysis, only 18.4% of assistant physicians and 37% of medical residents required improvement. The percentage of physicians who needed improvement in problem-solving and decision-making was similar among the assistant and resident physicians (12.6% versus 14%). In the evaluation of personal organization and time management, we obtained similar percentages in assistant physicians and residents who needed improvement (14% in both groups). High potential leadership was observed in these domains (18.4% and 20% for assistant physicians and residents, respectively). Conclusion The physicians assessed presented high leadership potential in 25% of the cases, requiring improvement in the performance domains, such as interpersonal relationship, problem solving, decision-making, personal organization and time management.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o potencial de liderança de médicos ativos de um hospital público na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos Estudo-piloto descritivo, no qual foram selecionados aleatoriamente 40 médicos assistentes e residentes para receberem o link com convite eletrônico da empresa Caliper Estratégias Humanas do Brasil. Aos que o aceitaram, foi encaminhado o link para preenchimento de avaliação de personalidade focada no trabalho, composta por 112 alternativas relativas a 21 domínios de 4 áreas de desempenho. De acordo com Questionário Perfil Caliper, as medidas ipsativas expressas em percentual são distribuídas em uma escala do tipo Likert, e são determinadas três categorias em relação às tendências comportamentais no trabalho: necessidade de aprimoramento, potencial moderado e alto potencial. Resultados A taxa de adesão dos médicos convidados ao estudo foi de 47,5% (19 médicos). No domínio liderança, a necessidade de aprimoramento ultrapassou 30% dos médicos avaliados. No relacionamento interpessoal, apenas 18,4% dos médicos assistentes necessitavam de aprimoramento e, no grupo dos médicos residentes, 37% necessitavam aprimoramento. Para resolução de problemas e tomada de decisões, as percentagens de necessidade de aprimoramento foram semelhantes (12,6% versus 14%). Na avaliação da organização pessoal e da administração do tempo, obtivemos percentagens semelhantes entre médicos assistentes e residentes, com necessidade de aprimoramento (14% nos dois grupos) e alto potencial nestas áreas (18,4% e 20% para médicos assistentes e residentes, respectivamente). Conclusão Os médicos avaliados apresentaram alto potencial de liderança em um quarto dos casos, necessitando aprimoramento nas áreas de desempenhos, como relacionamento interpessoal, resolução de problemas, tomada de decisão, organização pessoal e administração do tempo.

Satisfaction of Emergency Physicians with the Care Provided to Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais / Satisfação de Médicos dos Serviços de Urgência com o Cuidado às Doenças Cardiovasculares na Região Ampliada Norte de Minas Gerais

Abstract Background: The dissatisfaction of health professionals in emergency services has a negative influence on both the quality of care provided for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and the retention of those professionals. Objective: To assess physicians' satisfaction with the structure of care and diagnosis at the emergency services in the Northern Region of Minas Gerais before the implementation of the AMI system of care. Methods: This cross-sectional study included physicians from the emergency units of the ambulance service (SAMU) and level II, III and IV regional hospitals. Satisfaction was assessed by using the CARDIOSATIS-Team scale. The median score for each item, the overall scale and the domains were calculated and then compared by groups using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. Correlation between time since graduation and satisfaction level was assessed using Spearman correlation. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Of the 137 physicians included in the study, 46% worked at SAMU. Most of the interviewees showed overall dissatisfaction with the structure of care, and the median score for the overall scale was 2.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 2.0-4.0]. Most SAMU physicians expressed their dissatisfaction with the care provided (54%), the structure for managing cardiovascular diseases (52%), and the technology available for diagnosis (54%). The evaluation of the overall satisfaction evidenced that the dissatisfaction of SAMU physicians was lower when compared to that of hospital emergency physicians. Level III/IV hospital physicians expressed greater overall satisfaction when compared to level II hospital physicians. Conclusion: This study showed the overall dissatisfaction of the emergency physicians in the region assessed with the structure of care for cardiovascular emergencies.

Resumo Fundamentos: A insatisfação dos profissionais de saúde dos serviços de urgência tem influência negativa na qualidade do cuidado ao infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e na fixação desses profissionais. Objetivo: Avaliar a satisfação de médicos com a estrutura de atendimento e diagnóstico de serviços públicos de urgência na Região Ampliada Norte de Minas Gerais, previamente à implantação da linha de cuidado ao IAM. Métodos: Estudo transversal, que incluiu médicos das unidades de emergência do SAMU e de hospitais regionais nível II, III e IV. Foi avaliada a satisfação usando a escala CARDIOSATIS-Team. O escore mediano para cada item, a escala global e os domínios foram calculados e então comparados por grupos, utilizando o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Foi avaliada a correlação entre tempo de formação e nível de satisfação com o método de Spearman. Um valor-p < 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: De 137 médicos incluídos, 46% trabalhavam no SAMU. A maior parte dos entrevistados demonstrou insatisfação geral com a estrutura de atendimento, cuja mediana da escala global foi 2,0 (intervalo interquartil [IQ] 2,0-4,0). A maioria dos médicos do SAMU demonstrou-se insatisfeita quanto a atendimento prestado (54%), estrutura para condução das doenças cardiovasculares (52%) e tecnologia disponível para diagnóstico (54%). Na avaliação da satisfação global, evidenciou-se que a insatisfação dos médicos do SAMU foi menor quando comparada à dos médicos de urgência hospitalar. Os médicos de hospitais nível III/IV demonstraram maior satisfação global quando comparados aos de hospitais nível II. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou insatisfação geral dos médicos dos serviços de urgência na região em relação à estrutura de atendimento às emergências cardiovasculares.

Patient safety: knowledge between multiprofessional residents / Segurança do paciente: conhecimento entre residentes multiprofissionais

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the knowledge of multiprofesional residents in health about the security of the patient theme. Methods Cross-sectional study, quantitative, developed with graduate courses/residence specialties of health in a public university of Paraná, Brazil. Participants (n=78) answered a questionnaire containing nine objective questions related to patient safety. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, in proportion measures. The minimum 75% of correct answers was considered the cutoff for positive evaluation. Results The sample was predominantly composed of young people from medical programs. Almost half of the items evaluated (n=5) achieved the established positive pattern, especially those who dealt with the hand hygiene moments (98.8%) and goal of the Patient Safety National Program (92.3%). The identification of the patient was the worst rated item (37.7%). In the analysis by professional areas, only the Nursing reached the standard of hits established. Conclusion Knowledge of the residents was threshold.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar o conhecimento de residentes multiprofissionais na área da saúde sobre o tema segurança do paciente. Métodos Estudo transversal, quantitativo, desenvolvido com pós-graduandos dos cursos/especialidades de residência da área da saúde de uma universidade pública do Paraná. Os participantes (n=78) responderam um questionário contendo nove questões objetivas relacionadas com a segurança do paciente. Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, em medidas de proporção. O mínimo de 75% de acertos foi considerado ponto de corte para avaliação positiva. Resultados A amostra foi composta por profissionais predominantemente jovens, oriundos de programas médicos. Quase metade dos itens avaliados (n=5) alcançou o padrão de positividade estabelecido, com destaque para os que trataram dos momentos de higienização das mãos (98,8%) e o objetivo do Programa Nacional de Segurança do Paciente (92,3%). A identificação do paciente foi o pior item avaliado (37,7%). Na análise por áreas profissionais, somente a Enfermagem alcançou o padrão de acertos estabelecido. Conclusão O conhecimento dos residentes foi limiar.

Characteristics of training and motivation of physicians working in emergency medicine

Summary Introduction: Emergency medicine is an area in which correct decisions often need to be made fast, thus requiring a well-prepared medical team. There is little information regarding the profile of physicians working at emergency departments in Brazil. Objective: To describe general characteristics of training and motivation of physicians working in the emergency departments of medium and large hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional study with standardized interviews applied to physicians who work in emergency units in 25 medium and large hospitals in Salvador. At least 75% of the professionals at each hospital were interviewed. One hospital refused to participate in the study. Results: A total of 659 physicians were interviewed, with a median age of 34 years (interquartile interval: 29-44 years), 329 (49.9%) were female and 96 (14.6%) were medical residents working at off hours. The percentage of physicians who had been trained with Basic Life Support, Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support and Advanced Trauma Life Support courses was 5.2, 18.4 and 11.0%, respectively, with a greater frequency of Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support training among younger individuals (23.6% versus 13.9%; p<0.001). Thirteen percent said they were completely satisfied with the activity, while 81.3% expressed a desire to stop working in emergency units in the next 15 years, mentioning stress levels as the main reason. Conclusion: The physicians interviewed had taken few emergency immersion courses. A low motivational level was registered in physicians who work in the emergency departments of medium and large hospitals in Salvador.

Percepção de profissionais de saúde sobre o processo de tomada de decisão na assistência a pacientes pediátricos / Health professionals' perceptions about the decision-making process in the care of pediatric patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as percepções de médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem sobre sua participação no processo de tomada de decisão de limitação de suporte de vida, em pacientes pediátricos terminais, comparando por categoria profissional. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica de hospital público universitário, terciário, com a participação de médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem. Foi usada a Escala de Voz da MacArthur Admission Experience Survey para avaliar e quantificar a percepção dos profissionais que assistiram 17 pacientes pediátricos em limitação de suporte de vida, nas primeiras 24 horas após o desfecho de cada paciente. Todos os profissionais que atuavam na unidade (n=117), potencialmente elegíveis para a pesquisa, receberam o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido previamente à ocorrência dos casos. Resultados: Participaram 25/40 (62,5%) médicos, 10/17 (58,8%) enfermeiros e 41/60 (68,3%) técnicos de enfermagem, representando 65% dos profissionais elegíveis. A taxa de devolução dos questionários pelos médicos foi maior que a dos técnicos (p = 0,0258). Houve registro de percepção de falta de voz nas três categorias profissionais, em taxas variáveis, porém menos percebida pelos médicos do que pelos enfermeiros e técnicos (p < 0,00001); entre estes últimos, não houve diferença (p = 0,7016). Nas três categorias profissionais, foram assinalados os três itens que compõem a subescala. Em duas das três afirmativas, houve diferença significativa entre médicos e enfermeiros (p = 0,004), e entre médicos e técnicos (p = 0,001). Em uma das afirmativas, não houve diferença entre as três categorias profissionais. Conclusão: Houve percepção de falta de voz no processo de tomada de decisão, em taxas variáveis, nas três categorias de profissionais que assistiram pacientes pediátricos terminais em limitação de suporte de vida, sendo os médicos os que expressaram menor percepção de coerção.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the perceptions of physicians, nurses and nursing technicians of their participation in the decision-making process surrounding life support limitation in terminally ill pediatric patients, with comparisons by professional category. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary public university hospital with the participation of physicians, nurses and nursing technicians. The MacArthur Admission Experience Survey Voice Scale was used to assess and quantify the perceptions of professionals who assisted 17 pediatric patients with life support limitation within 24 hours after the outcome of each patient was determined. All professionals working in the unit (n = 117) who were potentially eligible for the study received a free and informed consent form prior to the occurrence of the cases studied. Results: Study participants included 25/40 (62.5%) physicians, 10/17 (58.8%) nurses and 41/60 (68.3%) nursing technicians, representing 65% of the eligible professionals identified. The questionnaire return rate was higher for physicians than technicians (p = 0.0258). A perceived lack of voice was reported in all three professional categories at varying rates that were lower for physicians than for nurses and nursing technicians (p < 0.00001); there was no difference between the latter (p = 0.7016). In the three professional categories studied, three subscale items were reported. For two of the three statements, there were significant differences between physicians and nurses (p = 0.004) and between physicians and nursing technicians (p = 0.001). For one of the statements, there was no difference among the three professional categories. Conclusion: Respondents perceived a lack of voice in the decision-making process at varying rates across the three categories of studied professionals who assisted terminally ill pediatric patients with life support limitation, with physicians expressing lowered rates of perceived coercion.

¿Cuán confiable es la información médica proporcionada por los medios de comunicación en Argentina? / How much can we trust health related information provided by mass media in Argentina?

Para evaluar la confiabilidad y precisión de la información médica proporcionada por los medios de comunicación en Argentina, alumnos avanzados de medicina, que desconocían los objetivos del estudio, identificaron aseveraciones relacionadas a temas médicos transmitidas por medios de comunicación. Los hallazgos fueron contrastados con recomendaciones realizadas por médicos expertos en la toma de decisiones basada en evidencias. Las recomendaciones de los medios y las confeccionadas por los expertos fueron comparadas en relación a su fuerza y dirección. Se identificaron 81 recomendaciones/preguntas las que fueron contestadas por los expertos, 15 con alta, 18 con moderada, 30 con baja y 18 con muy baja calidad de evidencia. Solamente el 53% (IC95% 42-64%) de las recomendaciones hechas por los medios de comunicación coincidieron en la dirección (a favor o en contra de la intervención) con las realizadas por los expertos y el 28% (IC95% 18-39%) fueron calificadas como inadecuadas (diferencias significativas tanto en dirección como en fuerza). El análisis del subgrupo de recomendaciones realizadas en los medios por profesionales de la salud mostró una coincidencia en la dirección del 71% (IC95% 56-86%) con 17% (IC95% 6-33%) de recomendaciones inadecuadas, OR = 0.35 (IC95% 0.1-1.1) en relación a las no realizadas por profesionales de la salud. Se concluye que la información médica que proveen los medios de comunicación en Argentina es poco confiable, lo que posiblemente tenga un impacto negativo sobre el funcionamiento del sistema de salud y la relación de los médicos con sus pacientes.

To evaluate the certainty and accuracy of the healthcare information provided by the mass media in Argentina, a group of senior medical students, blind to the study objectives, identified healthcare related statements transmitted through mass media. These findings were challenged against the recommendations of a group of physicians trained in evidence-based decision making (EBDM). We compared the strength and direction of the mass media recommendations with those of experts on EBDM. Eighty one recommendations/questions were identified and answered by the experts on EBDM, 15 with high, 18 with moderate, 30 with low and 18 with very low quality of evidence. Only 53% (CI95% 42-64%) of the mass media recommendations agreed with the expert recommendation in direction (for or against) and 28% (CI95% 18-39%) were classified as inappropriate (significant discrepancies both in direction and strength). Subgroup analysis revealed that 71% (CI95% 56-86%) of there commendations made by professionals in mass media agreed with experts in direction and 17% (IC95% 6-33%) were classified as inappropriate, OR = 0.35 (CI95% 0.1-1.1) compared to recommendations in mass media by non-professionals. We conclude that the healthcare information provided by mass media in Argentina is unreliable; this fact can probably have a negative impact in the health system performance and physician-patient relationship.

Razões alegadas por médicos recém-formados em Salvador/BA em 2010 para não prestarem o concurso de residência médica / Reasons alleged by recently graduated physicians at Salvador/BA in 2010 to not attend the residency entrance exam

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A residência médica é a mais importante forma de pós-graduação médica, composta de treinamento em serviço de maneira supervisionada. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a frequência de médicos recém-formados de faculdades de Salvador/BA que não se submeteram ao concurso de residência médica no estado, e os motivos pelos quais optaram por não realizá-lo. MÉTODO: Inicialmente, a lista de candidatos do concurso unificado do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS/BA) de dezembrode 2010 foi confrontada com as listas de formatura das três faculdades de Medicina de Salvador. Os recém-formados que não realizaram o concurso foram contatados e questionados: Qual o principal motivo que o levou a não fazer concurso para a residência do SUS-Bahia no ano passado? As respostas foram abertas, analisadas qualitativamente e categorizadas. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e oitenta e quatro (68,8%) dos recém-formados de Salvador/BA prestaram concurso, além de outros candidatos de outras cidades e estados. Cento e vinte nove (31,2%) recém-formados desta cidade não realizaram o concurso em 2010. Destes, 91 foram contatados e concordaram em participar do estudo. As respostas foram classificadas em cinco categorias distintas: motivo financeiro (41%), desinteresse pela residência local na especialidade de seu interesse (37%), necessidade de deslocamento (10%), despreparo para a prova (4%) e outros (8%). CONCLUSÃO: Percentual significativo de médicos recém-formados optou por não realizar a prova unificada de residência médica na Bahia, sendo o fator financeiro e o desinteresse, na especialidade de seu interesse, pela residência médica local os principais motivos relatados.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The residency program is the most important form of medical post-graduation, composed of in-service training under supervision. This study has the objective to assess the frequency of medical graduates from Salvador / BA who did not apply to medical residency exams, as well as their reasons. METHOD: Initially, we confronted the list of candidates for December 2010 unified residency admission exam with the graduation lists of the three medical schools in Salvador, Bahia. The graduates who did not attend the tests were contacted and asked: What was the main reason to not submit to the SUS-Bahia residency admission exams last year? The responses were discursive, analyzed qualitatively and categorized. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-four (68.8%) of graduates in Salvador / BA performed the exam, along with other candidates from other cities and states. One hundred and twenty-nine (31.2%) graduates did not perform the exam in 2010. Ninety-one were contacted and agreed to participate. Responses were classified into five categories: financial motive (41% of respondents), disinterest in local residency in the specialty of interest (37%), necessity to move to a differentcity (10%), feeling of unpreparedness for the test (4%) and others (8%). CONCLUSION: A significant percentage of medical graduates chose not to submit to the unified medical residency admission exam in Bahia, and the financial factor and desinterest in local residency programs in the specialty of interest were the main reasons reported.

Consumo de tabaco y uso del consejo médico estructurado como estrategia preventiva del tabaquismo en médicos chilenos / The influence of smoking habits of Chilean physicians on the use of the structured medical advice about smoking

Background: Structured medical advice on smoking is the prevention strategy with better cost-effectiveness ratio. Aim: To evaluate smoking among health care providers affect the application of this preventive strategy. Material and Methods: We surveyed 235physicians working in public and private hospitals in different cities over the country, about their smoking habits, their views on smoking as cardiovascular risk factor and the implementation of three key points of the structured medical advice about smoking. Results: Physicians aged less than 44 years had the lower frequency of smoking and the higher frequency of ex-smokers concentrated among those aged 60 years or more. All surveyed physicians agreed that smoking is a cardiovascular risk factor. However, 21% considered that this risk appears only among those that smoke more than three cigarettes per day. Independent of their smoking habits, 18% of physicians not always ask their patients about smoking, 25% do not warn about the risk of smoking and 22% not always give advice about quitting. This last action is carried out with a significantly lower frequency by smoking physicians. Conclusions: To improve physician's compliance with their preventive role in clinical practice, it is essential to consider their own smoking habits, and the information and attitudes that they have towards smoking as a cardiovascular risk factor.

Carga de trabalho de profissionais da saúde e eventos adversos durante ventilação mecânica em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal / Staff workload and adverse events during mechanical ventilation in neonatal intensive care units

OBJETIVO: Investigar uma possível associação entre a carga de trabalho de profissionais da saúde e eventos adversos intermediários, tais como extubação acidental, obstrução do tubo endotraqueal e desconexão acidental do circuito do ventilador, durante ventilação mecânica neonatal em unidades neonatais de alto risco. MÉTODO: Este estudo de coorte prospectiva analisou os dados referentes a 543 recém-nascidos de unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTINs) de São Luís (MA) por 6 meses, durante os quais 136 recém-nascidos foram submetidos a ventilação mecânica em 1.108 turnos e foram observados 4.554 vezes. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram eventos adversos 117 vezes durante esse período. As associações entre carga de trabalho e eventos adversos foram analisadas por meio de equações de estimação generalizada. As variáveis de ajuste foram: peso de nascimento, gênero, maternidade estudada, pontuação no índice de risco clínico para bebês (clinical risk index for babies) e demanda de cuidados, determinada pela escala desenvolvida pela Northern Neonatal Network. Quanto maior o número de recém-nascidos classificados de acordo com a demanda de cuidados (RCDCs) por enfermeiro e técnico em enfermagem, maior a probabilidade da ocorrência de eventos adversos intermediários relacionados à ventilação mecânica. Um número de RCDCs > 22 por enfermeiro [risco relativo (RR) = 2,86] e > 4,8 por enfermeiro auxiliar (RR = 3,41) esteve associado a uma maior prevalência de eventos adversos intermediários. CONCLUSÕES: A carga de trabalho dos profissionais de UTINs parece interferir nos resultados intermediários do cuidado neonatal e, portanto, deve ser levada em conta na avaliação dos desfechos na UTIN.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible association between the intensity of staff workload and intermediate adverse events, such as accidental extubation, obstruction of the endotracheal tube, and accidental disconnection of the ventilator circuit, during neonatal mechanical ventilation in high-risk neonatal units. METHOD: This prospective cohort study analyzed data of 543 newborns from public neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the city of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil, for 6 months, during which 136 newborns were submitted to mechanical ventilation in 1,108 shifts and were observed a total of 4,554 times. RESULTS: Adverse events occurred 117 times during this period. The associations between workload and adverse events were analyzed by means of generalized estimating equations. The adjustment variables were: birth weight, gender, maternity unit, Clinical Risk Index for Babies score, and care demand, the latter measured by the Northern Neonatal Network Scale. The larger the number of newborns classified by care demand (NCCD) per nurse and nursing technician, the more likely the occurrence of intermediate adverse events linked to mechanical ventilation. A number of NCCD > 22 per nurse (relative risk [RR] = 2.86) and > 4.8 per auxiliary nurse (RR = 3.41) was associated with a higher prevalence of intermediate adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The workload of NICU professionals seems to interfere with the intermediate results of neonatal care and thus should be taken into consideration when evaluating NICU outcomes.

Malestar psicofisiológico en profesionales de la salud pública de la Región Metropolitana / Psychophysiological distress among health care professionals working in Chilean public hospitals

Background: The public health reform in Chile resulted in changes in working conditions and organization of health centers. Aim: To examine the presence of psychophysiological symptoms in professionals of public hospitals in the Metropolitan Region and their association with current working conditions. Material and Methods: A questionnaire of quality of working life was applied to a sample of 80 physicians and 110 nurses. The questionnaire considers scales and open questions. Results: Nurses had a higher level of discomfort than physicians (p < 0.01) and had significantly higher scores for emotional distress, physical fatigue, digestive disorders, headache, insomnia, back pain and muscle tension (p < 0.01). There were statistically significant negative correlations between psychophysiological distress and working conditions (r = -0.418), social climate (r = -0.395), satisfaction with the organization (r = -0.337) and psychosocial well-being (r = -0.267). A regression model showed that 21 percent of the variance in psychophysiological distress was explained by working conditions, psychosocial well-being and adaptation to the organization. Conclusions: There is a relationship between the high prevalence of psychophysiological symptoms and bad working conditions of public health professionals.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida, sonolência diurna e burnout em Médicos Residentes / Quality of life, daytime sleepiness, and burnout in medical residents

A residência médica pode gerar sonolência diurna e burnout, que afetam a saúde física e mental do médico e prejudicam sua qualidade de vida (QV). Nosso objetivo foi conhecer a QV do médico residente e fatores de influência. Os residentes (n = 136) do Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba responderam à autoavaliação da QV, WHOQOL - abreviado, escala de sonolência diurna de Epworth e inventário de burnout de Maslach. Observou-se que a nota atribuída à QV na residência foi mais baixa que a nota da QV geral, e 76 por cento dos residentes apresentaram escores patológicos de sonolência diurna, sendo maiores no grupo no primeiro ano e nas mulheres. Na análise de burnout, encontraram-se altos níveis de exaustão emocional (32,1 ± 8,2) e de despersonalização (11,0 ± 6,8), com moderado nível de realização pessoal (33,9 ± 7,0), não tendo havido diferença nos escores de burnout entre os sexos. Obteve-se correlação negativa entre os escores de Epworth, do WHOQOL e da autoavaliação, e correlação positiva entre sonolência diurna e carga horária de trabalho.

Medical residency can generate daytime sleepiness and burnout, affecting the young physicians' physical and mental health and jeopardizing their quality of life (QoL). Our aim was to investigate the OoL of medical residents and related factors. Residents (n = 136) at the Evangelical University Hospital in Curitiba answered the short version of the WHO Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL), the Epworth daytime sleepiness scale, and the Maslach burnout inventory (MBI). The score assigned to QoL during residency was lower than the overall QoL score, and 76 percent of the residents showed pathological daytime sleepiness scores (with the highest scores in first-year and female students). Analysis of burnout showed high levels of emotional exhaustion (32.1 ± 8.2) and depersonalization (11.0 ± 6.8), with a moderate level of personal achievement (33.9 ± 7.0). There were no differences between the genders in the burnout scores. There was a negative correlation between the Epworth, WHOQOL, and self-assessment scores, and a positive correlation between daytime sleepiness and workload.

The Current Practice of Skin Testing for Antibiotics in Korean Hospitals

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Antibiotic skin testing is a useful procedure for identifying patients with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to antibiotics. The procedures, however, have not been standardized, and the testing is performed with diverse protocols in Korean hospitals wards. Thus, we examined the current practice of antibiotic skin testing in Korea. METHODS: We sent questionnaires to 12 allergists working in secondary or tertiary referral hospitals and collected them by e-mail or fax. The questionnaire included items such as the types and concentrations of the tested antibiotics, the methods of antibiotic skin testing, and the interpretation of the results. RESULTS: All hospitals responded to the questionnaire. The antibiotic skin testing protocols were variable, inconsistent, and differed with regard to the type and concentrations of antibiotics, the volume injected, and the interpretation of the results. Moreover, the protocols differed from the commonly recommended procedures in the medical literature. CONCLUSIONS: Standardized guidelines for antibiotic skin testing are needed for the safe and effective use of antibiotics in Korea.